Khasu ndi mtundu wa chida chaulimi cha malo olimidwa. Amakhala ndi tsamba lolemera kumapeto kwa mtengo, lomwe nthawi zambiri limamangiriridwa ku gulu la ziweto kapena magalimoto omwe amakoka. Zimayendetsedwanso ndi mphamvu zaumunthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthyola midadada ndi kulima poyambira kukonzekera kubzala.
Alimi ku Mesopotamiya ndi Egypt anayamba kuyesa makasu zaka 5500 zapitazo. Mapulawo oyambirira anali opangidwa ndi matabwa ooneka ngati Y, nthambi ya m’munsi inali yojambulidwa kukhala mutu wosongoka, ndipo nthambi ziwiri zapamwamba zinapangidwa kukhala zogwirira ziŵiri. Manga chikhasu pachingwe ndikuchikoka ndi ng'ombe. Nsonga yake imakwatula ngalande yopapatiza m'nthaka. Alimi amatha kuyendetsa pulawo ndi manja awo.
Pofika m'chaka cha 3000 BC, pulawoyo inali itakonzedwa bwino, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti nsonga ikhale "khasu" yomwe inkatsegula bwino nthaka, ndikuwonjezera mbale yapansi yomwe ingathe kukankhira nthaka m'mbali.
Khasu la ku China linachokera ku Leihe. Poyamba, imatha kutchedwa "LEIYU". Atagwiritsa ntchito ng'ombe kukoka Leibo, pang'onopang'ono analekanitsa khasu ndi Leibo, ndi dzina loyenera la "khasu". Khasu lidawonekera mu Mzera wa Shang ndipo limapezeka m'mafupa a oracle. Mapulawo oyambilira anali osalongosoka komanso adongosolo. Mapulawo achitsulo adawonekera kuyambira kumapeto kwa Mzera wa Western Zhou mpaka nthawi yamasika ndi Yophukira, ndipo ng'ombe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka makasu. Mu Dynasty ya Kumadzulo kwa Han, pulawo ya pole yowongoka idawonekera, yokhala ndi zolimira zokha ndi zomangira. Kumadera kumene kulibe ng'ombe, "khasu" limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Masiku ano, pali zinthu zopondapo pulawo m'mafuko ochepa ku Sichuan, Guizhou ndi zigawo zina. Kuponda pulawo kumatchedwanso "Min" ndi "khasu la phazi". Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito, pondani ndi mapazi anu kuti mukwaniritse kutembenuza nthaka. Song ndi Zhou qufei "kunja kwa mapiri. Kuyankha miyambo yam'deralo m'malo mwa ena":
Khasulo ndi lopangidwa ngati sipuni ndipo ndi lalitali mamita pafupifupi 6. Pamapeto pa mtanda, oposa phazi limodzi, manja awiriwa nawonso anagwira. Pakati pa zolimira, chogwirira chachifupi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanzere, komwe kumakhalanso komwe kumanzere kumakwerera. Pakati pa zolimira, chogwirira chachifupi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanzere, ndipo malo omwe masitepe a phazi lamanzere alinso Masiku asanu akuponda pa khasu angakhale tsiku lolima ndi ng'ombe, zomwe sizili zozama ngati nthaka.
M'nthawi ya Sui ndi Tang Dynasties, mapangidwe a pulawo anali abwino kwambiri, ndipo pulawo yokhotakhota ya yuan idawonekera. Kuwonjezera pa mkono wa pulawo, palinso makoma a pulawo, mivi yolima ndi miyeso ya pulawo. Malinga ndi a Lu guimeng's leidan Sutra, pali magawo 11 opangidwa ndi matabwa ndi chitsulo, omwe amatha kuwongolera ndikuwongolera kuya kwa kulima. Ndi 2.3 mapazi kutalika ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Itha kukokedwa ndi ng'ombe ziwiri zokha. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yaku China ili ndi chithunzi cha khasu la Mzera wa Tang. Mfundo yake imatengedwa ndi pulawo yamasiku ano yoyendetsedwa ndi moldboard. Poyerekeza ndi pulawo ya yuan yowongoka mu Mzera wa Kumadzulo kwa Han, pulawo ya Qu Yuan mu Mzera wa Tang idakulitsa kuwunika kwa khasu, komwe kumatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za kulima mozama ndi kulima mozama; Khoma la pulawo linakonzedwa bwino. Mu Mzera wa Tang, khoma la pulawo linali lozungulira, lomwe limatha kukankhira dothi logubuduzika pambali, kuchepetsa kukana kutsogolo, ndi kugwetsa chipika cha dothi kuti chidule kukula kwa udzu.
Khasu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe wakale silinasinthe kwambiri kuyambira nthawi yamkuwa. Pokhapokha pakamwa pamakhala chitsulo m'malo mwa matabwa kuyambira zaka za zana la khumi BC. Panthawiyi, pulawo imakwezedwa pamtunda wina ndi wolima, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Mizere ndi mizera yolimidwayo siiwongoka kapena yozama kwambiri, choncho iyenera kulima kawiri. Polima chiphaso chachiwiri, pangani ngodya yolondola ndi njira yachiphaso choyamba.
Ku Ulaya, mtundu watsopano wa pulawo wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana loyamba BC. Lili ndi gudumu lowongolera kuya kwa kulima, zomwe zimapulumutsa khama la wolima. Khasu latsopanoli lili ndi mpeni wodula nthaka ndi template yotembenuza nthaka. Mzerewu ndi wakuya komanso waudongo, zomwe zimaloŵa m'malo mwa njira yolima yapitayi. Khasu latsopanoli ndi lolemera kuposa lakale ndipo limafuna khama lalikulu kuti lilime, motero alimi amalima ndi ng’ombe. Ulimi wa akavalo unayamba m’zaka za zana lakhumi ndi la khumi ndi limodzi.
Zolima zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo China.
Zida zofanana ndi makasu zimatchedwanso "mapulawo".
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-18-2022